不同品种砧木及嫁接方法对有刺黄龙果嫁接育苗的影响

为改善有刺黄龙果在引种地区的生长势，提高其抗逆性，本研究探讨了不同砧木和嫁接方法对有刺黄龙果嫁接育苗的影响，以期筛选到适宜有刺黄龙果的砧木和嫁接方法。结果表明，不同砧木和嫁接方法对有刺黄龙果的成活率、出芽率和新芽长势有显著影响。嫁接30天时，芽接、楔接、套接和平接法的愈合率显著高于插接和靠接法。嫁接45天时，平接、靠接和楔接法的出芽率较高，分别是76.7%、76.7%和66.7%。嫁接苗田间定植2个月时，平接、靠接和楔接法嫁接苗长势较快。其中楔接法嫁接效率高，适合工厂化批量嫁接。白肉品种‘无刺黄龙’和红肉品种‘金都1号’、‘富贵红’是有刺黄龙果嫁接的优良砧木，嫁接2个月时出芽率分别为86.7%、90.0%和86.7%，且新芽高度和宽度均大于其他砧木。综上所述，适宜有刺黄龙果规模化嫁接育苗的嫁接方法是楔接法，砧木是‘金都1号’、‘富贵红’和‘无刺黄龙’。     

Banishing barberry: The history of Berberis vulgaris prevalence and wheat stem rust incidence across Britain

Wheat stem rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), is a notoriously damaging disease of wheat and barley. Pgt requires two hosts to complete its lifecycle; undergoing asexual reproduction on cereal crops and completing sexual reproduction on Berberis spp. The latter stage of its lifecycle is of particular importance in temperate regions such as western Europe, where asexual urediniospores are unable to survive cold winter weather. In the past, the crucial role of Berberis in the lifecycle of stem rust led to intensive eradication campaigns, initially carried out by farmers in the face of hostile scientific opinion. In the United Kingdom, common barberry (Berberis vulgaris) is today a relatively rare plant. Stem rust is, however, currently experiencing a resurgence; at the same time, there has been a general increase in the prevalence of barberry and an upsurge in its planting which, in the United Kingdom, is associated with attempts to encourage the endangered barberry carpet moth (Pareulype berberata). This article situates current developments within a broader chronological framework, examining changing attitudes towards barberry and rust in England in the past and the history of the plant's use and cultivation. It assesses how widespread B. vulgaris really was in the environment historically, and thus the scale of its eradication. We suggest that Berberis was never widely established as an archaeophyte in the United Kingdom. Current attempts to re-establish it are based on a misunderstanding of the plant's historical status and could potentially pose a serious threat to food security.     

Projecting the suitability of global and local habitats for myrtle rust (Austropuccinia psidii) using model consensus

Myrtle rust (caused by Austropuccinia psidii) affects more than 500 known host species in the Myrtaceae family. Three different modelling approaches (CLIMEX, MaxEnt and Multi-Model Framework) were used to project the habitat suitability for myrtle rust at both global and local scales. Current data on the global occurrence of myrtle rust were collected from online literature and expert solicitation. Long-term averages of climate data (1960–1990) were sourced from WorldClim and CliMond websites. Recent reports of myrtle rust in New Zealand were used for validation of model outputs but not in model training and testing. The model outputs were combined into a consensus model to identify localities projected to be suitable for myrtle rust according to two or three models (hotspots). In addition to the locations where the pathogen is currently present, all models successfully projected independent occurrence data in New Zealand suitable for establishment of the pathogen. Climate suitability for the pathogen was primarily related to temperature followed by rainfall in MaxEnt and the CLIMEX model. The results confirmed the optimum temperature range of this pathogen in the literature (15–25 °C). Additional analysis of the precipitation variables indicated that excessive rain (more than 2000 mm in warmest quarter of the year) combined with high temperatures (>30 °C) constrain pathogen establishment. The results of the current study can be useful for countries such as New Zealand, China, South Africa and Singapore where the pathogen has not fully spread or established.     

甘肃、青海地区小麦条锈菌监测及群体遗传多样性分析

【目的】了解甘肃和青海小麦条锈菌（Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici）春季流行传播路线、群体遗传多样性和生殖模式,明确春季流行期两省小麦条锈菌的传播关系及菌源交流规律,进而为两省小麦条锈病的预测预报、确定越夏初始菌源来源和有效治理提供理论依据。【方法】选择条锈病常发生的地区作为调查和研究区域。甘肃省4个试验点：陇南市文县、陇东平凉市崆峒区、中部麦区定西市临洮县、临夏州临夏县;青海省2个试验点：西宁市城北区、海东市互助县。2017年秋季,在甘肃和青海省6个试验点内根据当地小麦播种适期依次种植82份变异观察圃材料。2018年4—8月,对试验点82份变异观察圃材料进行田间病害调查,并采集到551份小麦条锈菌标样,使用15对引物进行SSR分子标记分析。利用GenAlEx和POPPR v2.5.0软件对数据进行相关分析, 不显著的rbarD值表示连锁平衡,用于推断群体是否发生有性重组。【结果】82份变异观察圃材料在甘肃地区发病比青海地区严重。15对引物组合共扩增出81个位点,每对引物组合产生的多态性位点为2—12个。551份样本克隆矫正后,共鉴定出505个多位点基因型（MLG）,其中仅有32个MLG被克隆并进行了2—6次重新采样。甘肃和青海群体总的基因型多样性（G=0.917）较高,其中,甘肃平凉群体的最高,青海互助群体次之,甘肃临洮群体最低。小麦条锈菌的遗传变异主要在各群体内部个体之间。春季流行期,菌源在各群体之间交流频繁,青海东部（互助和西宁）群体与甘肃（平凉和临夏）群体之间的基因流高于青海（互助和西宁）群体与甘肃文县群体之间的基因流。最小时空网络图（MSN）和非参数主成分分析（DAPC）表明青海互助和西宁的群体与来自于甘肃平凉和临夏的群体之间菌源关系最密切,差异最小;与临洮群体遗传距离相对较远且临洮群体相对独立;文县群体则是一个完全独立的群体,与其他5个群体之间的差异最大。连锁不平衡分析表明,甘肃文县、临夏和青海西宁群体存在不显著的rbarD值表示连锁平衡,是有性生殖群体,其中文县群体（rbarD=0.0139,P=0.186）显示出明显的有性重组特征。【结论】小麦条锈病春季流行期,甘肃地区与青海东部地区的传播路线以甘肃平凉、临夏到青海的传播为主,甘肃文县到青海的传播为辅。甘肃文县、临夏和青海西宁3个群体存在有性生殖现象,对甘肃、青海地区条锈菌丰富的遗传多样性的形成具有一定作用。     

褪黑素诱导小豆抗锈病机理的初步研究

为明确外源褪黑素诱导小豆抗锈性的作用及机理,以感病小豆品种‘宝清红’为材料,采用叶面喷施不同浓度褪黑素激发处理小豆真叶,而后对真叶挑战接种锈菌夏孢子,结果表明,低浓度(11.61 mg/L)褪黑素可显著提升小豆对锈病的抗性。夏孢子萌发试验表明,褪黑素对夏孢子萌发及芽管生长无显著抑制作用,表明褪黑素无抑菌活性。进一步的基因表达分析发现,与对照相比,褪黑素激发诱导了水杨酸(SA)通路关键基因NPR1于接种后24 h显著上调表达,且病程相关蛋白PR1、几丁质酶(CHI)、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(GLU)及PR5均于接种后24～120 h被显著诱导表达,说明褪黑素可能通过诱导NPR1表达,进而激活下游PR蛋白的高水平应答,使感锈病小豆品种获得对锈病的抗性。     

红花双列杂交后代羟基黄色素A含量的遗传效应分析

选用6个羟基红花黄色素A（HSYA）含量差异较大的亲本,采用双列杂交方法配制杂交组合,测定2015年和2016年2年亲本及其后代F₁和F₂红花中的HSYA含量。运用双子叶植物种子数量性状遗传模型和统计分析方法,分析胚、细胞质和母体植株3套遗传体系的基因效应和环境互作效应。结果发现：在HSYA含量的遗传体系中,母体遗传效应影响最大,胚效应次之,细胞质效应影响最小。3套遗传体系均表现出基因主效应大于环境互作效应。机误方差较大,说明HSYA含量还受环境机误或抽样误差的影响。亲本遗传效应分析表明,豫红花1号（P₁）做亲本表现稳定,有利于增加杂交后代HSYA含量,达到提高品质、改良品种的效果。胚显性方差和母体显性方差均达到极显著水平,表明同时存在种子杂种优势和母体杂种优势,而且其主效应基因不受环境影响。综合考虑遗传主效应、胚显性效应和母体显性效应,亲本组合（P₁×P₅）有利于提高后代杂交品种的HSYA含量。该研究结果可为后代材料在杂种优势利用中的亲本选择提供理论支持。     

胡葱黄条病毒吉林毛葱分离物全基因组序列测定与分析

使用RT-PCR方法从吉林省疑似感染胡葱黄条病毒(Shallot yellow stripe virus,SYSV)的分蘖洋葱(毛葱)叶片中获得了SYSV吉林毛葱分离物SYSV-JL(MN607702)的全基因组序列。SYSV-JL的全长序列为10?427 nt,与GenBank已登录的3条SYSV全长或近全长序列在多个基因上保持着较高的序列一致性,但在P1基因上核苷酸和氨基酸序列一致性较低,分别为69.5%～84.2%和60.9%～76.9%,进一步通过变异分析发现,P1基因包含369个变异位点,表现出较为明显的高变异特征。系统发育分析显示,不同SYSV分离物具有较为明显的地区差异,SYSV-JL分离物与多个中国分离物系统发育关系较近。     

Papaya yellow leaf curl virus: A newly identified begomovirus infecting Carica papaya L. from the Indian Subcontinent

India is one of the world’s largest producers of papaya. Viruses, mainly begomoviruses and potyviruses, cause a significant loss in papaya production. The study described here has identified a new species of begomovirus and a new species of betasatellite infecting Carica papaya in India. The sequences of the begomovirus and betasatellite show 90.03% nucleotide sequence identity to an isolate of Radish leaf curl virus and 92.25% identity to an isolate of Tomato leaf curl betasatellite, respectively. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of begomovirus sequence of isolate DP2 (KX353622) showed distant relationships with previously characterised begomoviruses. Recombination analysis proposed six recombination breakpoints in begomovirus genome with other geographical begomovirus isolates.     

70份国外小麦品种(系)的苗期和成株期抗叶锈病鉴定

小麦叶锈病是小麦生产中的重要病害之一,培育持久抗病品种是最经济、有效和环保的方法。本研究用19个不同毒力的叶锈菌小种苗期接种70份国外引进小麦品种(系)及36个已知抗叶锈病基因的载体品种进行抗性鉴定,同时在2016—2017年度分别于河北保定和河南周口对70份国外引进品种进行田间抗叶锈性鉴定。为进一步检测材料中所携带的苗期和成株抗叶锈病基因,利用12个与已知基因紧密连锁的分子标记进行检测,综合基因推导、系谱分析和分子标记检测的结果,在33份材料中鉴定出15个抗叶锈病基因,包括Lr1、Lr2a、Lr26、Lr3ka、Lr11、Lr17、Lr30、Lr10、Lr14a、Lr2b、Lr13、Lr15、Lr21、Lr44和Lr45,田间鉴定筛选出39份品种表现慢锈性。苗期和田间表现表明,国外品种中含有丰富的对我国叶锈菌小种有效的苗期和成株期抗叶锈病基因,可作为小麦抗叶锈病抗源在抗病育种中加以利用。     

生物炭对酸化茶园土壤性状和真菌群落结构的影响

为探讨生物炭长期施用对酸化茶园土壤改良和真菌群落结构的影响,分析了按生物炭用量0、2.5、5、10、20、40 t·hm^-2施用5年后的茶园土壤性状和真菌群落结构变化。结果表明,施用生物炭5年后的茶园土壤pH提高了0.16~1.11,可溶性有机碳含量提高了52.6%~92.3%,而铵态氮和硝态氮含量以10 t·hm^-2处理最高。施用生物炭5年后的土壤性质变化,进一步影响了真菌群落结构,表现为Chao指数、ACE指数和Shannon指数随生物炭用量增加呈先增加后降低的趋势;提高生物炭施用量对茶园土壤次要作用的真菌（LDA值<3.50）丰度的增加效果高于优势真菌（LDA值>3.50）的效果,其中被孢霉属、木霉属、毛壳菌属的相对丰度增加,黑盘孢属的相对丰度降低。